It can be used to draw electron flow through a π system (a), or for electron flow in reactions (b). This is a curved (curly) double-headed arrow: it is used to depict the movement of a pair of electrons from one place to another. We use this type of arrow to plan syntheses of more complex molecules in the forward direction by detaching the more complex molecule in strategic ways.Ĥ. The target molecule can be made by one or more steps. This is a retrosynthetic arrow: the species before the arrow (normally more complicated) is synthesized from the species after the arrow (normally less complicated). This arrow designates that these species can be interconverted and that the forward direction is reversible. Equilibrium species involve the movement of atoms and involve bond breaking/bond forming events. This does not mean that they are in equal amounts it simply means that the rate of change between the two is constant. This is an equilibrium arrow: two species on either side of the arrow are in equilibrium with each other, with a defined equilibrium constant (K eq). This is a reaction arrow depicting conversion of one molecule to another: starting materials or substrates are drawn before the arrow reagents and conditions are drawn above and below the arrow products of the transformation are drawn to the right of the arrow.Ģ. Beware – not all arrows are created equal! Different types of arrows mean different things. The other common convention in organic chemistry is the use of arrows.
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